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The scientific study of cells is known as cytology. This branch of biology specifically focuses on the structure, function, and behavior of cells, which are the fundamental units of life. Cytologists examine the characteristics of cells, including their morphology, biochemical processes, and interactions with other cells. Understanding cells at this level is crucial for many fields, including medicine, genetics, and pathology, as it helps explain how tissues and organs function and how diseases can occur at the cellular level.

Histology, while related, specifically refers to the study of tissues and cells at a microscopic level, focusing on how cells group together to form tissues. Anatomy deals with the structure of organisms and their parts, which includes more than just the cellular level, and biology is a much broader field that encompasses all living organisms and their interactions. Therefore, cytology being the correct answer underscores its specific focus on cells alone.